Dynamics of filaments, flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs)

The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the connection between the dynamics of solar surface phenomena such as filament eruptions, flares, the coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the core of so-called solar activity, and the properties of the associated magnetic field for the development of forecasts of solar activity and space weather. Both statistical and case studies have been carried out. The topics covered in this dissertation are: the statistical relationship among phenomena of solar activity, in particular, filament eruptions, flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs); the correlation between magnetic reconnection rate and flux rope acceleration of two-ribbon flares; the correlation between magnetic twist of linear-force-free active region and solar eruptions; a case analysis of a quiet-sun flare associated with an erupting filament and a fast CME; a case analysis of the periodic motion along a filament initiated by a subflare; and a case analysis of the evolution of the twist of an eruptive filament. The findings and results confirm some of the theories and conjectures previously proposed and put forth some new insights into the physics of phenomena of solar activity, briefly summarized as follows: (1) a statistical relationship is found among filament eruptions, flares and CMEs; (2) the majority of filament eruptions is found to be associated with new magnetic flux emergence within or adjacent to the eruptive filament; (3) a rapid increase in pitch angle of the twisted structure of an eruptive filament appears to be a trigger of the solar eruption; (4) the hemispheric chirality preferences of quiescent filaments is confirmed; (5) the geoeffectiveness of halo CMEs is found to be associated with the orientation and the chirality of the magnetic fields associated with the eruptions; (6) the temporal correlation between the magnetic reconnection rate and the flare nonthermal emission is verified; (7) the coronal magnetic reconnection is found to be inhomogeneous along the flare ribbons; (8) a positive and strong correlation is found between magnetic reconnection rate and the acceleration of eruptive filaments which represents the early stages of flux rope eruptions in the low corona; and (9) a special type of periodic mass motion in a filaments is reported that remains a challenge to the classical and recent filament models and may provide information on the existence of the filaments

A Physical Unclonable Function Based on Inter-Metal Layer Resistance Variations and an Evaluation of its Temperature and Voltage Stability

Keying material for encryption is stored as digital bistrings in non-volatile memory (NVM) on FPGAs and ASICs in current technologies. However, secrets stored this way are not secure against a determined adversary, who can use probing attacks to steal the secret. Physical Unclonable functions (PUFs) have emerged as an alternative. PUFs leverage random manufacturing variations as the source of entropy for generating random bitstrings, and incorporate an on-chip infrastructure for measuring and digitizing the corresponding variations in key electrical parameters, such as delay or voltage. PUFs are designed to reproduce a bitstring on demand and therefore eliminate the need for on-chip storage. In this dissertation, I propose a kind of PUF that measures resistance variations in inter-metal layers that define the power grid of the chip and evaluate its temperature and voltage stability. First, I introduce two implementations of a power grid-based PUF (PG-PUF). Then, I analyze the quality of bit strings generated without considering environmental variations from the PG-PUFs that leverage resistance variations in: 1) the power grid metal wires in 60 copies of a 90 nm chip and 2) in the power grid metal wires of 58 copies of a 65 nm chip. Next, I carry out a series of experiments in a set of 63 chips in IBM\u27s 90 nm technology at 9 TV corners, i.e., over all combination of 3 temperatures: -40oC, 25oC and 85oC and 3 voltages: nominal and +/-10% of the nominal supply voltage. The randomness, uniqueness and stability characteristics of bitstrings generated from PG-PUFs are evaluated. The stability of the PG-PUF and an on-chip voltage-to-digital (VDC) are also evaluated at 9 temperature-voltage corners. I introduce several techniques that have not been previously described, including a mechanism to eliminate voltage trends or \u27bias\u27 in the power grid voltage measurements, as well as a voltage threshold, Triple-Module-Redundancy (TMR) and majority voting scheme to identify and exclude unstable bits

Characteristics of Postural Muscle Activity in Response to A Motor-Motor Task in Elderly

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate postural muscle performance of older adults in response to a combination of two motor tasks perturbations. Fifteen older participants were instructed to perform a pushing task as an upper limb perturbation while standing on a fixed or sliding board as a lower limb perturbation. Postural responses were characterized by onsets and magnitudes of muscle activities as well as onsets of segment movements. (Please see full abstract article

Mechanosensitive ATP release in the lungs

L’ATP est bien connue pour son rôle de transporteur d'énergie à l’intérieur des cellules, mais en dehors de la cellule, elle agit en tant que molécule de signalisation extracellulaire. En se liant aux récepteurs purinergiques, l’ATP extracellulaire amorce la signalisation purinergique afin de réguler certains processus physiologiques et pathophysiologiques. Dans les poumons, l’ATP stimule la sécrétion de surfactant et promeut la clairance mucociliaire. Compte tenu du rôle critique de l’ATP extracellulaire dans les poumons, il est important de comprendre le mécanisme du relargage d’ATP cellulaire — la première étape de la signalisation purinergique. Parce que les forces mécaniques constituent le déclencheur principal du relargage d’ATP, cette thèse a pour but d’investiguer le(s) mécanisme(s) physiologique(s) et les sources cellulaires d’un tel relargage d’ATP mécanosensible. Cet ouvrage est divisé en trois parties : 1) Pour étudier les caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles du relargage d’ATP, j’ai développé une technique d’imagerie hautement sensible basée sur la bioluminescence de la luciférine-luciférase couplée avec un système de lentilles à grand champ de vision (WFOV, wide field of view) optimisant l’apport de lumière. Pour évaluer notre approche d’imagerie, j’ai soumis des cellules A549, dérivées d’un adénocarcinome pulmonaire humain, à un étirement ou un choc hypotonique de 50% pour déclencher un relargage d’ATP. J’ai démontré que notre technique nous permet de quantifier précisément la quantité et le taux (ou l’efflux) d’ATP s’échappant des cellules. Le WFOV constitue un outil essentiel utilisé dans les études décrites dans cette thèse pour déterminer le mécanisme et la source cellulaire du relargage d’ATP dans l’alvéole. 2) Afin d’examiner le mécanisme physiologique du relargage d’ATP induit par l’étirement dans les cellulaires alvéolaires primaires, j’ai déterminé les contributions individuelles des cellules alvéolaires de type 1 (AT1) en comparaison des cellules alvéolaires de type 2 (AT2). Pour ce faire, des cellules AT2 fraîchement isolées de poumons de rats ont été ensemencées sur une chambre flexible en silicone et cultivées jusqu’à sept jours, ce qui permettait aux cellules AT2 de se transdifférencier progressivement en cellules semblables aux cellules AT1. Le ratio des cellules alvéolaires (AT2:AT1), étant de 4:1 au jour 3, est devenu 1:4 au jour 7. La quantité d'ATP libérée diminuait avec le nombre décroissant de cellules AT2, les impliquant en tant que principale source pour le relargage d’ATP en réponse à un étirement. Alors que les modulateurs pharmacologiques des canaux d’ATP, carbenoxolone et probénécide, ne diminuaient pas la quantité d’ATP libérée, le BAPTA, un chélateur de calcium intracellulaire ([Ca2+]i), l’a significativement réduite. De même, ces trois modulateurs exercent des effets similaires sur les réponses calciques intracellulaires mesurées par le Fura-2, suggérant une connexion entre le relargage d’ATP et les niveaux de [Ca2+]i. 3) Pour explorer le rôle qu’ont les propriétés viscoélastiques de la membrane dans le relargage d’ATP mécanosensible, j’ai démontré qu’une déformation de 30% induisait un relargage d’ATP transitoire qui était accompagné d’une absorption d’iodure de propidium (PI, propidium iodide) chez des cellules AT2. Ceci est cohérent avec une rupture membranaire transitoire induite par une déformation, assez large pour le passage d’ATP et de PI. L’efflux d’ATP augmente aussi selon le taux de déformation, et la durée de déformation prolonge la demi-vie du relargage d’ATP. Donc, ces résultats fournissent des indices sur la manière dont l’étirement de la membrane viscoélastique peut mener au relargage d’ATP par un mécanisme alternatif impliquant une mécanoporation de la membrane cellulaire. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats démontrent que le relargage d’ATP ne se produit pas à travers les canaux conduisant l’ATP mais plutôt par une mécanoporation transitoire de la membrane. D’autres études sur les dommages membranaires sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre sa contribution dans le relargage d’ATP mécanosensible et les signaux de [Ca2+]i. De telles études élucideront la signalisation purinergique dans les organes qui sont constamment exposés à des contraintes physiques. Ceci pourrait suggérer des cibles/approches thérapeutiques pour moduler les impacts négatifs d’un relargage d’ATP excessif observés lors de certaines conditions pathologiques, telles que les lésions pulmonaires induites par la ventilation mécanique.ATP is widely known to be an energy carrier within cells, but outside of the cell, it acts as an extracellular signaling molecule. Upon binding to purinergic receptors, extracellular ATP initiates the purinergic signaling to regulate certain physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the lungs, ATP stimulates surfactant secretion and promotes mucociliary clearance. Given the critical role of extracellular ATP in the lungs, it is important to understand the mechanism of cellular ATP release — the first step of purinergic signaling. Because mechanical forces constitute the primary trigger of ATP release, this thesis aims to investigate the physiological mechanism(s) and cellular sources of such mechanosensitive ATP release. This work is divided into three parts: 1) To study the spatial and temporal characteristics of ATP release, I developed a highly sensitive imaging technique based on luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence coupled with a custom-designed lens system, which combined a wide field of view (WFOV) and high light-gathering power. To evaluate our imaging approach, I subjected A549 cells, derived from human lung adenocarcinoma, to stretch or 50% hypotonic shock to trigger ATP release. I demonstrated that our technique allows us to precisely quantify the amount and the rate (or efflux) of ATP escaping from cells. The WFOV constitutes an essential tool used in the studies described in this thesis to determine the mechanism and cellular source of ATP release in the alveolus. 2) To examine the physiological mechanism of stretch-induced ATP release in primary alveolar cells, I determined the individual contributions of alveolar type 1 (AT1) in comparison with alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. To this end, freshly isolated AT2 cells from rat lungs were seeded on a flexible silicone chamber and were cultured for up to seven days, which allowed AT2 cells to progressively transdifferentiate into AT1-like cells. The ratio of alveolar cells (AT2:AT1), being 4:1 on day 3, became 1:4 on day 7. The quantity of released ATP decreased with the decreasing numbers of AT2 cells, implicating them as the main source of ATP release in response to stretch. While pharmacological ATP channel modulators, carbenoxolone and probenecid, did not diminish the amount of ATP release, BAPTA, an intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) chelator, significantly reduced it. Likewise, these three modulators had similar effects on intracellular calcium responses measured by Fura-2, suggesting a connection between ATP release and [Ca2+]i levels. 3) To explore the role of membrane viscoelastic properties in mechanosensitive ATP release, I demonstrated that a 30% strain induced transient ATP release that was accompanied by uptake of propidium iodide (PI) in AT2 cells. This is consistent with a strain-induced transient membrane rupture, big enough for the passage of ATP and PI. ATP efflux also increases with strain rate, and hold time prolongs the half-life of ATP release. Thus, these results provide clues on how stretching of the viscoelastic membrane may lead to ATP release via an alternate mechanism involving transient mechanoporation of the cell membrane. Overall, these findings demonstrate that stretch-induced ATP release does not occur through ATP-conducting channels but rather a transient membrane mechanoporation. Further studies on membrane injury induced by strain are needed to better understand its contribution to mechanosensitive ATP release and [Ca2+]i signaling. Such studies will elucidate purinergic signaling in organs that are constantly exposed to physical stresses. This could suggest novel therapeutic targets/approach to modulate the negative impacts of excessive ATP release observed under certain pathological conditions, such as ventilator-induced lung injury